Fast Food Nation Essay Example for Free

Fast Food Nation EssaySummary on the whole Ameri faecal matters gear up the abundant growth of fast pabulum but adolescents play even to a greater extent of a vital role in than the average consumer. not plainly do teenagers consume fast pabulum, but they work for it and steal from it because they argon attracted to it the most. The fast food industry provides the easiest way for young batch to rent started and occur to succeed in our Fast Food Nation. Our country loves fast food, there is speedy service with cheap tasty food in oer one million restaurants world wide. Though we all love it, we do not like the stories behind it.In 2004, Americans spent over 110 one million million million dollars on fast food, thats more than higher education, computers, computer software and new cars combined (Scholosser, 3). Teenagers provide a huge role in the fast food industry. Teenagers work at these restaurants, eat at these restaurants, are objects of advertisements by these re staurants and steal from these restaurants more than any other age group. Ever since the age of three more than 75 percent of American children can recognize the face of Ronald McDonald.Since our nation is currently being raised around fast food it is only unavoidable that as children grow, they only become more of a part of it everyday. The average American child begins to work around the age of 16 doing low lucre low labor jobs. At anytime a teenager can walk into any fast food restaurant and apply for a job. Fast food restaurants prefer to employ teenagers because they are easily trained, less expensive to tend to than adults and are easier to control. Also since most teenagers still live at home they can afford to work for wages too low to even support an adult.No other industry in the United States had a workforce so dominated by adolescents. About two-thirds of the nations fast food workers are under the age of twenty (Scholosser, 68). Working in McDonalds is not difficult, but just blowy and farseeing. Since most fast food restaurants are run my machines, it is up to these 17 year-old employs to push buttons and say commands. All Burger King wants is for things to get done faster, not how a great deal effort is put into work, so teenagers feel working at Taco Bell or KFC wont be as difficult as it leave behind a strain.Any teenager working behind the counter at any fast food restaurant is given less respect than animals at the pet store. ... she hates the job and is desperate to quit. Working at the counter she has to deal with rude remarks and complaints. She is often yelled at by strangers angry that their foods taking to long or that something is wrong with their order. One elderly woman threw a hamburger at her because there was too much mustard on it (Scholosser, 81). Though effrontery is a downside to a fast food job, there are perks for kids who do not need a lot.Many of the 200 dollar a workweek salary is used for teenage spending clothe s, nights out, cars and other desirable things. Teenagers run and continue the fast food work force every day, not because they waste to but because its the best option available to them. Though we may not like the way the food is cooked or served the way it tastes is still great. McDonalds makes a huge profit off of everything soda fries and sandwiches all profit so largely, and teenagers are one of the most popular customers.A medium soda in McDonalds is $1. 29, it cost McDonalds $4. 25 per gallon of soda syrup, only about 9 cents worth of syrup is used in a medium drink, giving McDonalds just about a 95% profit. Soda consumption among teenagers has doubled within the past 20 years, reaching an average of twelve ounces of soda a day per child. (Scholosser, 54). With cut fries McDonalds buy them frozen for 30 cents a pound, then sells them reheated in oil for 6 dollars a pound, pure profit pulled from the hands of teenagers.McDonalds makes billions upon billions of dollars annua lly by selling things for such a low price but really making the largest profit possible. Recently, fast food restaurants have become more enthralling to armed robbers than a clothing store or gas station. Since fast food industries do almost all of their business in cash, others rely on credit card transactions. Robbery in fast food chains is not uncommon at all, even when most of it happens by their own employees, small teenagers who are desperate for money.Though most of these robberies occur early in the morning or late at night when few people are working. The typical employee stole about $218 a year and according to industry studies, about two thirds of the robberies at fast food restaurants involve current or former employees. (Scholosser, 84). Employees have low pay, high turnover and know the restaurant, why not steal? McDonalds is already a billion dollar industry, many of the people think, its not going to hurt their business, they wont even notice.However these robber ies have led to deaths and injuries, and make teenagers realize what horrible conditions they are working in. All Americans effect the huge growth of fast food but adolescents play even more of a vital role in than the average consumer. Not only do teenagers consume fast food, but they work for it and steal from it because they are attracted to it the most. The fast food industry provides the easiest way for young people to get started and continue to succeed in our Fast Food Nation.

Grammar school Essay Example for Free

Grammar school EssayFrom 1834, the year of emancipation of slaves in Dominica and the other(a) British West Indian colonies to 1845, the public raising that was existent was really religious education. The concept of a arouse dodge of education in the West Indies emerged in Britain in 1833 as part of the act to emancipate slaves in British custody. Prior to that, the masses of the people had practically no formal education. In Dominica, from 1834 onwards, the British subsidized primary education through grants but basically, education was imported and promoted mainly by missionaries. The content of education was divorced from the interests and ask of the masses and the community. wildness was on the classics and the arts. There is little doubt that the churches original interest in education was the creation of influential educated elite. In practice, their interests were denominational, especially seen in the presidential term of secondary schools. Proposed educational policies depended greatly on the availability of capital, which were always insufficient. Therefore, changes and reforms were minimal. The newly elected legislative councils and their leaders gave little support.In reality, education, in practice was for a privileged minority. The populace remained virtually ignorant and illiterate. The pre-emancipation society was therefore not in any sense an educated champion. Where slaves received any instruction at all it was of a religious nature provided by the church at long intervals. The authorities had no aims or standards hence there was no system of formal education. It was once against this background that the British Imperial Government incorporated an education grant in the 1833 Act of Emancipation to assist in the educational emergence of the pitch blacknesses.Establishing schools for the masses was provided for by the Act, which included grant money from the imperial beard government to provide education in the ex-slave colon ies. This grant money is known as the Negro development Grant. It was regarded as an urgent matter. The total grant amounted to a mere ? 30,000 per annum for five years for all the BWI of al well-nigh one million people. The decision to allot the grant was executed through the local anaesthetic legislatures and the religious bodies. The grant was decreased each year and ended in 1845.The denominations were offered financial help to build schools, and afterwards to assist in the salary of teachers salaries as the best means of developing a system of education. Dominicas sh ar of the Grant amounted only to ? 600 to be dog-tired on 14,000 ex-slaves. This amount was very insignificant and was spent mainly by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPCK). After two years it became apparent that the desired and intended results were not forthcoming because of the many difficulties faced. Some churches were unable to accept more grants because they could not bear the recurren t expenditure on their schools.In expansive 1837, the grant was switched to pay one-third of teachers salaries instead. This was insufficient, and the societies did not expand their operations further. As the expected expansion did not materialise the imperial government was disappointed. Hence, the union of the imperial government, local legislatures and the churches could not fulfil the early ambition to create a viable education system. Thus, in 1841, the imperial government started to withdraw the fund. The Mico trustees who had done the most protested, but to no avail.In 1845 it came to an end, and so the burden fell on the West Indian legislatures and workers to increasingly support the education of their own children. In Dominica, the study towards education for the masses was assisted by the local legislature, thus complimenting the work done by charities and the churches so that by July 1840, Dominica had 20 schools, 10 teachers, 1,086 pupils and total second-rate attend ance was 750. The British Imperial Government gave two main reasons for ending the NEG 1. slope workers were s charge to be worse-off than West-Indian workers 2.The Baptists were said to be prospering although they had refused all aid Both claims were false. The churches lacked both money and resources. The British felt in the case of Dominica that the Catholic Church could not and would not provide appropriate education. They therefore support alternatives to church schools. They decided to provide secular schools and to withdraw grants to the church schools. This was strongly opposed until a compromise was reached. The main success of the result of the NEG was the idea of popular education.The Provision of petty(a) Education in Dominica Providers and Gender Issues From the foregoing, one can appreciate the situation that the provision of education was a task that involved the involvement of several providers or stakeholders The British Imperial Authority, the Local Legislatu re or Assembly, the Church (especially the Catholics) and the Charities (especially the Mico Trust). Prior to emancipation, the provision of education was the responsibility of the churches and the charities. Education was very express mail and very few benefited. In reality, what ever was taught was basically religious education.With the passage of the Act of Emancipation, an attempt was made to establish popular education. The NEG thus provided the needed funds for this purpose but eventually ended in trouble. These funds were channelled through the bodies mentioned above, especially through the charities and the churches. By 1868 the main providers were mainly the state (the Local Legislature) and the church. It essential not be forgotten that the vast majority of the population were Catholics and therefore co-operation and compromise between the two bodies were of paramount importance.By that date, the majority of primary schools belonged to the state i. e. 18 off of 33 (54% ). This was unique, for no other West Indian society had such participation by the state in educational provision. In the case of secondary education, the provision was by the Church (Catholic). The first establishment for the provision of secondary education was the Convent High crop (CHS) in 1858. This was exclusively for the children of the local elite. The children of the rural peasantry and the working classes were excluded. The state provided some funds for the school.But there were no secondary education provided for the masses. It is again unique to Dominica in that early period that post-primary education was being provided only to girls when this gender was marginalized in the rest of the W. I and in Britain itself. Even today, in 2000, over 65% of secondary school students are girls. The figures for the Clifton Dupigny Community College, University of Technology (Jamaica) and University of the West Indies are roughly the same. In the case of Dominica, male marginalisatio n has had a long history, contrary to popular opinion.Due to acclivity pressure and clamour for secondary education for boys and the children of the masses, the state established the Dominica Grammar School (DGS) on the 16th of January 1893, with a registration list of 25 boys under the headmastership of one tutor, Mr. W. Skinner (M. A a graduate from Catherines College, Cambridge, England). It was to be run as a government school, with the aim to provide superiorer education for boys. The build being used was a personal gift from Mr. Dawbiney, a respectable Jamaican who had settled in the island.The DGS remained a boys school until 1972. This occurred at a time when the number of girls selected by the commonality take in Examinations furthest surpassed that of boys. The first DGS girls came from the CHS and the WHS. The total number of girls on the roll for that year totalled 34 out of a total of 560 students. Thus a reluctant but necessary era commenced in that year the DGS becoming a coeducationalucational institution under the headship of Mr. J. K. Gough (B. Sc Dip. Ed. from Scotland). In that same year there were 14 Dominican staff members who were university graduates.Not to be outdone by the Catholics, the Wesleyan Society (Methodists) following the tradition of their rivals, unfastened the second high school for girls in the island, the Wesley High School (WHS) in October 1927. By that year, 80% of the students accessing secondary education were girls. This again was a unique detail second to none in the W. I. This further marginalized the boys given the restrictive and limited nature of access at the time. At this juncture, it is necessary to appreciate the great suit expended by the churches in the provision of secondary education in the island of Dominica, albeit for denominational reasons.In 1932, the Christian Brothers (Catholics) opened the second educational establishment providing secondary education for boys, the Saint Marys Academ y (SMA). By that year educational provision was roughly equal for both genders with boys now having the slight edge, notwithstanding the fact that the girls were doing better in entrance and scholarship exams. There were insufficient spaces useable. An entrance examination would soon be rigorously applied to ration out, select and better half the number of students to the available supply of places.This state of inequitable affairs became unbearable as the girls were now being marginalized in favour of boys who were securing less passes than girls in the exams. In other words, the selection was a function of available places. The two boys schools had more places than the two girls schools. Therefore, fewer girls were selected although their modal(a) scores were higher than that of boys who secured places. In the1972/1973 school year, the jab government of Mr. Edward O hold upr Leblanc took the bold step to make the DGS co-educational.This occurred at a time when the number of gir ls who had succeeded at the Common Entrance Examinations far surpassed that of boys. Since then, girls have kept on increasing the education gap or divide to the extent that in Dominica and the West Indies this problem of male marginalisation and male underachievement and the like, have now get going so serious that it threatens the whole concept of male patriarchy. The year 1972 has been regarded as a milestone in Dominicas educational history as far as secondary education is concerned.From that year all new secondary schools have opted to become co-educational with the exception of the Saint Martins second-string School in 1988. Another important milestone in our educational history is the year 1971. For the first time, secondary educational provision moved out of Roseau with the establishment of the co-educational Portsmouth Secondary School (PSS). This greatly reduced the cost burden to parents in the northwest, north and northeast of the island, who, hitherto had to make trem endous sacrifices to provide education for their children in the capital, Roseau.By 1974, the Common Entrance Examinations as a selector of educational life chances was psychologically so devastating to pupils that those who were not selected felt that they were rejects and failures with no hope or future. It was against this backdrop that a group of concerned persons headed by Ms. Jean Finucane-James decided to provide a second chance to those pupils that was not based on a selective exam. This co-educational school was named the Dominica Community High School (DCHS). Apart from the PSS, the early 1970s were characterised for having secondary education concentrated in the capital city of Roseau.The 70s was a period of political upheaval. In August 1979, Hurricane David struck and the island was devastated 43 deaths, massive destruction of crops and the forest, wildlife was decimated, schools and the social and economic infrastructure was destroyed. The economy came to a standstill. Educationally, the students suffered greatly. A self-aggrandizing number of students from the northeast could not attend the Roseau schools. In the aftermath of the hurricane, two schools were opened in the northeast St.Andrews High School (SAHS) in 1979, primed(p) in Londonderry which is run and operated by the Methodists and in 1980, the Marigot Foundation High School (MFHS) headed by Mr. Martin Roberts, a former Methodist minister. The last named school was eventually renamed the Marigot Secondary School (MSS) when in 1999 it passed over to the state. These two schools are co-educational institutions. In this catchment area the Common Entrance Exams consistently selects more girls than boys. In the 1980s four schools were established. In 1981, the Seventh-Day Adventists began to provide secondary education.The Seventh-day Adventist Secondary School (SASS) is located in the Portsmouth suburb of Granvillia. It is a co-ed school. In that very same year the co-ed St. Joseph Campus of the DGS was opened which later became a separate entity as the St. Joseph Secondary School. In 1996 it was renamed the Isaiah Thomas Secondary School. In 1988, two government co-ed secondary schools were established from what were at a time Junior Secondary Programmes the Goodwill Secondary School (GSS) and the Grand Bay Secondary School (GBSS). In that same year, the Catholicrun St.Martins School for girls upgraded its technical/vocational wing into a fully-fledged secondary school called the St. Martins Secondary School (SMSS). With the opening of these new schools and the continued use of the Common Entrance Exams the gender balance continue to be in favour of girls to the detriment of boys. In October 1994 the Nehemiah Christian Foundation headed by Mrs. Rhoda George opened the Nehemiah Comprehensive School with 60 boys and girls. The school is located in Jimmit, Mahaut.In the financial year 1995/96 the government entered into a loan agreementwith the World Bank to fund the base Education Reform Project (BERP). One of the three main objectives of the project was to expand access to secondary education. Under the project, this objective was fulfilled in the co-ed fortress Bruce Secondary School (CBSS) in 1998. TABLE I DOMINICA Academic Secondary Schools, 2002/03 School Year Founded Boys Girls Total Status Convent High School 1858 0 493 493 back up Dominica Grammar School 1893 518 281 799 state of matter Wesley High School 1927 0 287 287 Assisted St.Marys Academy 1932 420 0 420 Assisted Portsmouth Secondary School 1971 402 435 837 State Dominica Community High School 1975 79 46 125 Assisted St. Andrews High School 1979 233 292 525 Assisted Marigot Secondary School 1980 86 59 145 Assisted Isaiah Thomas Secondary School 1981 312 393 705 State SDA Secondary School 1981 108 87 195 Private St. Martins Secondary School 1988 0 306 306 Assisted Goodwill Secondary School 1988 380 262 642.State Grand Bay Secondary School 1988 334 343 677 S tate Nehemiah Comprehensive School 1994 64 73 137 Assisted Castle Bruce Secondary School 1998 266 291 557 State Orion Academy 2003 Private Total 3 202 3 648 6 850 Ministry of Education, Sports and Youth Affairs, 2002/03 The School Curriculum Several factors dig in on the development of the curriculum in Dominica slavery, colonialism, politics, economics, religion, socio-cultural biases, parents, teachers and the learners themselves.In the pre-emancipation era the curriculum that existed was of a religious nature. The society was largely illiterate and ignorant. There existed no conceit or idea of popular or mass education. With emancipation in 1834, the rudiments of a system of education began to take shape. The limited curriculum was non-scientific and bookishly schoolmanian based on rote and memory doctrine and learning. By 1868, as the primary system took root the three rs were taught namely reading, physical composition and arithmetic. The system that was taking s hape was one that would provide labourers and servants and no more.At the secondary level, the curriculum catered for the children of the elite Maths, intuition, Geography, English, Greek, and Latin. The colonial powers and the local legislatures controlled the educational system. In other words, the ruling elites/classes decided who should be taught, what should be taught, when, how and where. The entire process from start to finish was decided for the learner. In 1899, Agriculture was being promoted as a undefendable to be taught so that the learner would become an unsophisticated labourer or worker on an estate or join the ranks of the impoverished peasantry.So agricultural schools were encouraged. In this way the islands would remain as sources of primary agricultural produce. When the British abolished the local legislatures and imposed direct crown colony rule the curriculum again was being used as a tool to keep the masses in their place. It limited them to learn the basic s and agriculture. Attempts were made to improve education at the end of the First World War (1914-1918) salaries to teachers, payments by results and attempts at dogmatic education. The West Indian Conference in Dominica in 1932 urged the region to struggle for compulsory education among other things.This failed. In 1957, the ministerial system was brought to Dominica with some exercise of authority by the house of assembly. But power still lied with the British parliament. Budgets could be passed, but had to be approved by Britain. In 1967, Dominica became an associate state with Gt. Britain. All internal matters were under local jurisdiction, but foreign affairs, calling and defence resided with Gt. Britain. Dominica could now influence and shape educational progress, but very little happened. The primary system continued to develop. The high schools became stagnant.The last one to be established was in 1936 (SMA). Thirty-seven years passed before the next one, the PSS was esta blished. By 1978, the curriculum at the primary was now being driven by the Common Entrance Examinations to the detriment of all else. The same thing could be found at the secondary schools. The entire curriculum was driven by foreign impertinent examinations. The foreign element was removed in 1985 when we switched from the Cambridge and London GCE O trains to the regionally based CXC examinations. But the GCE A Levels still continue to rate the curriculum at the post-secondary level.In 1998, CXC began to test pilot its own A Levels known as CAPE, which will soon replace the English-based GCE A Levels. The School Curriculum and Examinations The CXC and the GCE curriculum dictate the locus and focus of secondary education in Dominica. These exams cater for the 30-40% of the ability range of secondary students. The entire curriculum was driven by foreign immaterial examinations. The foreign element was removed in 1985 when we switched from the Cambridge and London GCE O Levels to the regionally based CXC examinations. But the GCE A Levels still continue to dictate the curriculum at the post-secondary level.In 1998, CXC began to test pilot its own A Levels known as CAPE, which will soon replace the English-based GCE A Levels. The HSC, LSC and GCE dominated the curriculum of secondary schools since the 1880s. The failure rates were very high at both the O and A Levels. It was also a drain on the scarce resources of the region. The minimum of 5 O Level subjects were required to move into the sixth form and five subjects were needed of which 2 must be at A Level for university entry. The Caribbean was influenced by educational and curriculum developments in North America and Europe, especially Britain.Revolutionary curricular changes in maths and science were being undertaken in the USA as a result of the Russian success in Sputnik I. In the U. K, the Nuffield Foundation invested heavily in a science development project. In 1969-70, the West Indian Science Curr iculum Innovation Project (WISCIP) began at St. Augustine, UWI, and Trinidad. It was a new approach with emphasis on enquiry and experimentation, understanding and constructive thinking. This was introduced in the DGS and the other high schools of the time. During that same period New Mathematics was introduced in the schools curriculum.All five of the secondary schools in Dominica adopted it. The Convent High School had their first O Level candidates in 1971, and the DGS in 1972. Results in all Caribbean schools were not so good at first because of the unfamiliarity with the new approaches and topics such as inverses, identities, algebra of sets and matrices, decimalisation and metrification, vectors, inequalities and topology. At first most of the schools used the School Mathematics Project (SMP) books, but these were replaced by the Joint Schools Project (Caribbean edition) series, as part of the CEDO/UNESCO/UWI Caribbean Mathematics Project.The CXC was established in 1972 to ser ve the Commonwealth Caribbean. The process took over 10 years. The CXC was to replace the GCE exams. It would develop syllabi, conduct exams and issue certificates. This was a form of asserting cultural and intellectual independency from our colonial past and from Britain. Politically, the Caribbean has eschewed integration. There was the West Indian Federation as colonies of Britain (1958-1962). It ended in failure due to insularity, nationalism and dependency.With independence, the nations can dictate their educational goals and match these to national needs. In Dominica, we have not had a long history of educational reforms established in law. In 1949 an Education Act was passed to queer and govern the sector. This was changed in 1997 when the new Education Act was passed. This was part of an attempt to harmonise education legislation in the Eastern Caribbean. In 1995 the Basic Education Reform Project was launched (BERP). The Project had three main objectives 1. to strengthen t he management and planning capacity of the Ministry, 2.to enhance the quality of education, and 3. to expand and conserve school places. Economically, we live in an interdependent world, a global village. We are partners bargaining from a position of weakness. Unequal terms of trade, onerous foreign debts, trade deficits and balance of payment problems deplete our resources so that our educational budgets are severely constrained. In general (1999 2004), Dominica spends about 17% of its recurrent budget on education, 1-2% on materials and supplies and about 80% on personal emoluments. New Curriculum informations.Primary schools follow a curriculum, which has recently been reviewed by the Curriculum Development Unit (CDU). Schools have been provided with curriculum guides for English Language, Mathematics and General Science for Grades K to 6. Curriculum guides for Social Studies, Mathematics, Science and English Language were to become available in kinfolk 1999 for grades K to 6. A curriculum guide for Social Studies has been prepared for Form 1 at the secondary level. Workbooks for Grades k to 3 for English were to have been made available from September 1999.In addition a curriculum guide for Health and Family Life covering primary and secondary age ranges is being monitored and supported in schools. A draft national policy for this was presented to Cabinet in August 1998 but has not yet been officially approved. The CDU has planned to review Music, PE, Art and Craft, and Agriculture in 2001 as well as to start writing and production of support materials for pupils and teachers. The revised primary schools curriculum appears to be appropriate at the national level. The main problem appears to be in its delivery.The main need at the primary level for curriculum development is in relation to adapting the teachers guides for multigrade teaching and provision of differentiated activities for all subjects and all classrooms. Dominica does not have a National C urriculum and therefore, the curriculum de facto is determined by each school and in practice is closely related to the requirements of the Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) other external examinations and higher ability students. A balance needs to be struck between the academic and practical skills education in the secondary sector in any future national curriculum.The Ministry of Education has outlined the following process to arrive at the promulgation and implementation of the National Curriculum (NC) National Curriculum Committee (NCC) established in school year 1999/2000 NCC reviews existing curriculum locally and regionally Under the NCC, Subject police squads and Subject Areas are established Development of Syllabi, and Curriculum Guides in Core Subject Areas Curriculum Training of Staff/Subject Team Members Resource Provision First Draft National Curriculum in Core Subject Areas Review of Draft Curriculum Development of Curricula in other subject areas.Establishment of National Norms and Standards for all subjects Piloting of National Curriculum in a cross-section of schools Promulgation of National Curriculum by take care of Education Use by all schools of the National Curriculum as of September 2003 The Secondary Education Support Project (SESP) had been working with the Curriculum Development Unit (CDU) to write and pilot a revised curriculum for Forms 1 to 3 in the core subjects of English, Mathematics, Science and Social Studies, incorporating activities for average and below average ability pupils.Drafts of curriculum guides for Form 1 have been completed and were made available to schools in September 1999. All the guides for the four core subjects were made available in 2001. The CDU also has completed work in Music, Art, Craft, and Agriculture. However, the major curriculum need resides in the consideration of a curriculum which will meet the needs of all students academic, technical/vocational, aesthetic, spiritual, moral and for citiz enship and fulfill the ambitions set out in the 1997 Education Act. This would be especially so when Universal Secondary Education is achieved.

Toray Textiles in to Mansfield Essay Example for Free

Toray Textiles in to Mansfield EssayCase Study of* What is Toray?* why Mansfield?* How does it derive local community?* The multiplier effect.* Factors involving the choice of a work siteToray Textiles Key facts * Established in Japan in 1926.* Owns over 60 emergence plants Asia, North America, Europe, making company name recognised global.* Plants include Italian artificial suede manufacturer, French carbon fibre manufacturer.* Sales offices rated in Milan and Frankfurt.Why Britain?* Close link with Marks Spencer provides a good product outlet and can supply new designs at short notice. * Turnover judge to be over 80 million pounds from new plant in Mansfield.* Japan has become too expensive as a manufacturing base for a product so technically unadvanced.* E.C. rules state that, unless 60% of any product is made in E.C. by E.C. registered employees, then the product is subject to import vocation in the form of money or commission, or by limiting the amount of the produ ct sold (tariffs/quotas).* Productivity higher than in Japan and U.S.A.* automation higher than in Japan and U.S.A.* Less training required.* High unemployment rates.* Longer working week.* No minimum wage or legal paid holiday.Why Mansfield?* Mainline inter-city rail link to London and Birmingham making big cities more accessible products can be sent for sale more easily.* Accessible to the M1 and U.K information superhighway networks access to buyers and channel ports easier imports and exports.* High unemployment not only will vacancies be filled but there is competition workers could accept lower wages.* Nottingham is nearby worldwide reputation for textiles.* High water table in area vast quantities required for bleaching and dyeing.* Unemployed miners well qualified in safety practices an area upon which Toray places outstanding importance.* Potential to set up and expand onto a green field site lower costs.How does it benefit local community?* Low unemployment.* H igher prestigiousness for area more publicity.* Tourism created by publicity brings in money etc.* Helps relieve pressures on council after large numbers of redundancies from the flop in the mining trade.How does it benefit the U.K.?* Net benefit of 50 million pounds to U.K balance of trade.* Has seen a revival in textile manufacturing.* Has prevented the need to import fabric from abroad.multiplier effect* New employees have more money to spend, creating work in tertiary employment i.e. services, shops, tourism, banking, housing and education.* If Toray is successful, other companies may be encouraged to locate in the area.Factors involving the choice of a work site* Accessablity to a good infrastructure.* Opportunity to set up on a greenfield site. less cost and the prospect to expand.* Level of unemployment competition for vacancies* Prejudices for/against a particular area, for example the North/South divide in certain areas* Tradition of use of technology.* Political sit uation a particularly shaky situation may cause people to boycott i.e. South Africa in 1970s and 80s

Evaluation of Code Smells Detection Using Meta-heuristics

Evaluation of Code Smells maculation Using Meta-heuristicsEvaluation of reckon smells undercover build using Meta-heuristicsOptimization algorithmRagulraja.MAbstract-The development of softw are systems over many years leads to needless compl conky and inflexibility in foundation which leads to a large amount of effort for enhancements and maintenance. To take encipher smells detection as adistributed optimization problem. The intention is that to aggregates antithetical methods in gibe way to achieve acommon goal detection of edict smells. To this conclusion, it utilized twin Evolutionary algorithms (P-EA) wherenumerous evolutionary algorithms with adaptation are punish in parallel conjunctive path, to find amitybetween detection of code smells. An observational results to compare the execution of our conjunct P-EA method withrandom search, twain genetic establish orgasmes and dickens severity headings detection techniques are found to provide thestatistical m easure of results witness to support the claim that cooperative P-EA is more economic and potential than theart detection approaches based on benchmark of open address systems, whereas the results are generated in terms ofprecision and recall incurred on various code smells types. In this approach should stand on an extra code smellstypes with the object of resolve the common applicability of our methodology.Keywords-Parallel Evolutionary Algorithm, Software carefuls, Code smells, Software Quality Engineering.I.INTRODUCTIONSoftware maintenance projects are verycostly. The total maintenance be of Softwareproject are estimated to 40%-70% of the total cost of the lifecycle of the project consequently, reducing theeffort spent on maintenance move be seen as a naturalway of reducing the overall costs of a software packageproject. This is one of the main reasons for the recentinterest in concepts such as refactoring and codesmells. Hence, researchers have proposed some(prenominal) approaches to reduce take flights in software .Suggestedsolutions include improvement of clarity in softwaredesign, effective use of process and intersection carefuls,achievement of extensibility and adaptability in thedevelopment process. The research focusing on thestudy of bad software designs also called bad smellsor code smells. To avoid these codes smellsdevelopers to realize the structure of source code.The large systems of existing work in badsmells or code smells detection relies on declarativerule specification. In these specifications, rules aremanually nominateed to identify symptoms that canbe utilize for categorization code smells with objectoriented deliberates information. Each code smell, rulesare defined in the form of metrics combinations.Many studies reported that manual categorizationwith declarative rule specification can be large. Theseneed a threshold quantify to specify the code smells.Further problem is that translation from symptoms torules is not o bvious because there is no unanimitysymptom based description of bad smells. When unanimity occurs, the correlation of symptoms couldbe consociated with code smells types, it leads toprecise identification of code smells types.To handle these problems, we plan to livean approach based on use of genetic scheduling toprovide detection rules from the examples of codesmells detection with metric combinations. However,the attribute of the rules depends on the behavioralaspects of code smells, and it is not easy to confirmthat coverage also because there is still someprecariousness involves in detected code smells dueto the difficulty to evaluate the coverage of the baseof code smell examples.In other past work, we proposed techniquebased on an artificial immune system metaphor todetect code smells by deviation with well designedsystems. Thus, we view in that an effective method ordain be to merge with detection algorithms todiscover consensus when detecting code smells.We intend to provide code smells detection as adistributed optimization problem.The implementationof our approach can be established by combiningOptimization process in parallel manner to breakconsensus involving detection of code smells.II. RELATED WORKSThere are various studies that have mainlybased on the code smells detection in softwareengineering using different methods. Thesemethodologies range from fully automatic detectionto direct manual inspection. However,there is nowork that focuses on merging various detectionalgorithms to find unanimity when identifying codesmells.In this work, the classification existingapproach for detection of code smells into variousbroad categories symptom based approaches, manualapproaches, metric based approaches, search basedapproaches and cooperative based approaches.2.1 Manual approachesThe software maintainers should manuallyinspect the platform to detect existing codeanomalies. In addition, they mentioned situationrefactorings for each code smells t ype. Thetechnique is to create a set of reading techniqueswhich help a reviewer to read a design artifact forcalculating related information. The demerits ofexisting manual approaches is that they are finally ahuman centric process which involves a great humaneffort and real analysis and interpretation attemptfrom software maintainers to find design fragmentsthat are related to code smells.Furthermore, thesemethods are time con midpointing, error prone and focuson programs in their contexts. Another significantissue is that locating code smells manually has beenprescribed as more a human intuition than an accuratescience.2.2 Metric based approachesThe detection strategymechanism forformulating metric based rules for finding deviationsfrom well design code. Detection strategies permits tomaintainer to directly find classes or methodssubjected by a particular design smells. Thesedetection strategies for capturing about ten importantflaws of object oriented design found in literature . Itis accomplished by evaluating design quality of anobject oriented system via quantifying deviationsfrom good design heuristics and principles bymapping these design defects to class level metricssuch as complexity, yoke and cohesion by defining rules. Unfortunately, multi metrics neitherencapsulate metrics in a more abstract construct,nordo they permit a on the table combination of metrics.In common, the effectiveness of combining metric orthreshold is not stimulate, that is for each code smell,rules that are declared in terms of metriccombinations need an important calibration effort tofind the fixing of threshold values for each metric.2.3 Search based approachesThis approach is divined by contributions inthe vault of heaven of search based software engineering.SBSE uses search based approaches to resolveoptimizations problems in software engineering.Once the task is view as a search problem, severalsearch algorithms can be employed to solve thatproblem. Another approach is based on search basedtechniques, for the automatic identification ofpotential code smells in code. The detection focusedon thenotion that more code deviates from goodcodes, the more likely it is bad. In another work,detections rule pass on be produced and is describe as acombination of metrics or thresholds that bettersimilar to known an examples of bad smells. Then,the correction solutions, a combination of refactoringoperations, should reduce the number of bad smellsdetected using the detection rules.2.4 conjunct based approachesSome cooperative approaches to referencesoftware engineering problems have been proposedrecently, in this program and test cases co-evolve, correct each other with the aim of fixing themaximum number of bugs in the programs. Theobjective is to improve the effectiveness of obtainedtest cases by evaluating their capabilities to avoidmutants.The P-EA proposal is transfer from existing coevolutionaryapproaches, this proposal based on twopopulations that are referencing the same problemfrom various perspectives. Finally, the genetic basedapproaches are executed in parallel in our P-EAframework.III. PROPOSED SCHEMEIn this paper, we suggested a new searchbased approach for detection of code smells. In thisapproach a parallel metaheuristic optimizationalgorithm adaptation, two genetic populations areinvolves simultaneously with the target of eachdepending on the current population of other in aparallel cooperative manner. Both populations aregenerated, on the similar open source systems toevaluate, and the solutions are punished based on theintersection between the results of two populationsare found. We extend our approach to various codesmells types in order to resolve about commonapplicability ofcooperative parallel search basedsoftware engineering. Moreover, in this work we notonly focus on the detection of code smells but alsoconcentrate automated the correction of code smells.Furthermore, in this paper we consider theessential ne ed of code smells during the detectionprocedure using existing code changes, classes andcoupling complexity. Hence, the detected code smellswill be out-and-out(a)ed based on the severity score and also animportant score. We will measure also the use ofmore than two algorithms executed in parallelmanner as a part our work to generate results of moreaccuracy than art detection approach. The negativeimpact on the code smells can be removed byapplying more than two algorithms in cooperativemanner its difficult to find the consensus betweenthe code smells. The research work will direct ourapproach to several software engineering problemssuch as software testing and quality assurance.IV. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE trope 1system architecture1. Metrics Evaluation2. Evolutionary Algorithms3. Code Smell Detection4.1 METRICS EVALUATION4.1.1 CK METRIC SUITEChidember and kemerer proposed a six metricsuite used for analyzing the proposed variable. The sixmetric suite are1. Weighted Method Per Class( WMC)Consider a class C1 with methods M1.Mnthat are included in class. Let C1,C2Cn be the sum ofcomplexity.WMC= M2. Depth Of Inheritance(DIT)The maximum length from the node to theroot of the tree.3. Number Of Children(NOC)Number of immediate subclasses subordinatedto a class in the class hierarchy.4. Coupling mingled with Objects(CBO)It is a count of the number of other classes towhich it is coupled.5. Response For a Class (RFC)It is the number of methods of the class plusthe number of methods called by any of thosemethods.4.1.2 Lack Of cohesiveness of Methods (LCOM)Measure the dissimilarity of methods in aclass via instanced variables.4.2 EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMSThe fundamental think of both algorithms isto explore the search space by devising a populationof candidate solutions, also called individuals,germinate towards a good solution of a uniqueproblem. To measure the solutions, the fitness lam in both algorithms has two components. Forthe first component of the fitness function , GPevaluates the detection rules based on the coverage ofcode-smells examples. In GP, a solution is combinedof terminals and functions. Hence, while applying GPto clear particular problem, they should be carefullycollected and fashioned to fulfil the requirements ofthe current problem. Afterwards, evaluating largeparameters concerned to the code-smells detectionproblem, the terminal set and the function set arerecognized as follows. The terminals fit to differentquality metrics with their threshold values (constantvalues). The functions that can be used between thesemetrics are spousal relationship (OR) and Intersection (AND).The second algorithm run in parallel isgenetic algorithm that generates detectors from welldesignedcode examples. For GA, detectors defendgenerated artificial code fragments dignified by codeelements. Thus, detectors are mentioned as a vectorwhere each dimension is a code element. We defendthese elements as sets of predicates. All predicatetype represents to a construct type of an objectorientedsystem. Then, a set of best solutions arecollected from P-EA algorithms in each iteration,Bothalgorithms interact with one other victimizingthe second component of the fitness function calledintersection function.4.3 CODE SMELLS DETECTIONCode smells are design flaws that can besolved by refactorings. They are considered as flagsto the developer that some parts of the design may beinappropriate and that it can be improved. For thepurpose of this work, we discuss a few representativecode smells. There are a hand out of code smells mentionedin the development of this work. A thorough catalogof code smells can be found in Fowlers refactoringbook. As this work focuses on program analysis, code smells discussed in this work include those thatrequire analyses. Though this work develops only asubset of the code smells, it provides some groundswhich can be satisfactory to other types of code smells.The set of best solutions from each algorithm isstored and a new population of individuals isgenerated by repetitively choosing pairs of parentindividuals from population p and employing the interbreeding operator to them. We admit both the parentand pincer variants in the new population pop. Then,we apply the mutation operator, with a probabilityscore, for both parent and child to assure the solutiondiversity this produces the population for the nextgeneration. While applying change operators, noindividuals are transformed between the parallelGA/GP. Both algorithms exit when the terminationcriterion is met, and issue the best set of rules anddetectors. At last, developers can use the best rulesand detectors to find code-smells on new system toevaluate.V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSFig 2 The impact of the nmber of code smell example on detectionresultsFig 3 Average execution time comparison on the different system.VI. THREATS TO VALIDITYConclusion validity related with thestatistical relationship between the treatment andoutcome. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used witha 95 share confidence level to test its importantdifferences exist between the measurements fordifferent treatments. This test makes no suppositionthat the data is normally distributed and is suitable forordinal data, so we can be assured that the statisticalrelationships observed are significant. Thecomparison with other techniques not based onheuristic search consider the parameters obtainedwith the tools. This can be regarded as a threat thatcan be addressed in the future by developing theimpact of various parameters on the quality of resultsof DCOR and JDeodorant.Internal validity is related with the casualrelationship between the treatment and outcome. Toconsider the internal threats to validity in theutilization of stochastic algorithms since this experimental work based on 51 independentsimulation runs for each problem instance and theobtained results are statistically analyzed by using theWilcoxon rank sum test with a 95 percent faircomparison be tween CPU times.VII. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKIn this approach a parallel metaheuristicoptimization algorithm adaptation, two geneticpopulations are involves simultaneously with thetarget of each depending on the current population ofother in a parallel cooperative manner. Bothpopulations are generated, on the similar open sourcesystems to evaluate, and the solutions are punishedbased on the intersection between the results of twopopulations are found.Moreover, in this work we notonly focus on the detection of code smells but alsoconcentrate automated the correction of codesmells.Furthermore, in this paper we consider theessential need of code smells during the detectionprocedure using existing code changes, classes andcoupling complexity. Hence, the detected code smellswill be ranked based on the severity score and also animportant score. We will measure also the use ofmore than two algorithms executed in parallelmanner as a part our work to generate results of moreaccuracy than a rt detection approach. Future workshould corroborate our method with remaining codesmell types with the objective conclude about thecommon applicability of our methodology. We willassess also the use of more than the algorithmaccomplish simultaneously as a part of our rest of ourfuture work. Another future issue direction attachedto our approach is to adapt our cooperative parallelevolutionary approach to various softwareengineering problems such as software testing andthe following release problem.VIII. REFERENCES1) WaelKessentini,MarouaneKessentini,HouariSahraoui, Slim BechikhA Cooperative Parallel Search-Based Software Engineering Approach for Code-Smells Detection IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng.,vol. 40,no. 9, Sep 2014.2) N. Moha, Y. G. Gu_eh_eneuc, L. Duchien, and A.F. Le Meur, DECOR A method for the specificationand detection of code and design smells, IEEETrans. Softw. Eng., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 2036,Jan./Feb. 2010.3) Chidamber, S., Kemerer, C. A metrics suite forobject oriented desig n,IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng.,1994, 20, (6), pp. 476493.4) Mark Harman and AfshinMansouri.Search BasedSoftware Engineering Introduction to the peculiar(prenominal)Issue of the IEEE Transactions on SoftwareEngineering, IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng., vol. 36, no.6,Nov./Dec. 2010.5) F. Khomh, S. Vaucher, Y. G. Gu_eh_eneuc, and H.A. Sahraoui, A bayesian approach for the detectionof code and design smells, in Proc. Int. Conf.Quality Softw., 2009, 305314.6) R. Marinescu, Detection strategies Metrics-basedrules for detecting design flaws, in Proc. 20th Int.Conf. Softw. Maintenance, 2004, pp. 350359.7) M. Kessentini, W. Kessentini, H. A. Sahraoui, M.Boukadoum, and A. Ouni, aspiration defectsdetection and correction by example, in Proc. IEEE19th Int. Conf. Program Comprehension, 2011, pp.8190.8) T. Burczy_nskia, W. Ku_sa, A. Dugosza, and P.Oranteka,Optimization and defect identificationusing distributed evolutionary algorithms, Eng.Appl. Artif. Intell., vol. 4, no. 17, pp. 337344, 2004.9) A. Ouni, M . Kessentini, H. A. Sahraoui, and M.Boukadoum, Maintainability defects detection andcorrection A multiobjective approach, Autom.Softw. Eng., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 4779, 2012.10) O. Ciupke, Automatic detection of designproblems in objectoriented reengineering, in Proc.Int. Conf. Technol. Object-OrientedLanguage Syst.,1999, pp. 1832.12) G. Travassos, F. Shull, M. Fredericks, and V. R.Basili, Detecting defects in object-oriented designsUsing reading techniques to increase softwarequality, in Proc. Int. conf. Object-OrientedProgram.,Syst., Languages, Appl., 1999, pp. 4756.13) M. Harman, S. A. Mansouri, and Y. Zhang,Search-based software engineering Trends,techniques and applications, ACM Comput. Surv.,vol. 45, no. 1, 61 pages.14) A. Arcuri, X. Yao, A novel co-evolutionaryapproach to automatic software bug fixing, in Proc.IEEE Congr. Evol. Comput., 2008, pp. 162168.15) M. J. Munro, Product metrics for automaticidentification of Bad Smell design problems in Javasource-code, in Proc. IEEE el eventh Int. Softw. MetricsSymp., 2005, pp. 1515.16) W. Banzhaf, Genotype-phenotype-mapping andneutral variation A case study in geneticprogramming, in Proc. Int. Conf. Parallel ProblemSolving from Nature, 1994, pp. 322332.17) W. H. Kruskal and W. A. Wallis, Use of ranks inone-criterion variance analysis, J. Amer. Statist.Assoc., vol. 47, no. 260, pp. 583621, 1952.18) W. J. Brown, R. C. Malveau, W. H. Brown, andT. J. Mowbray, Anti Patterns Refactoring Software,Architectures, and Projects in Crisis. Hoboken, NJ,USA Wiley, 1998.19) N. Fenton and S. L. Pfleeger, Software MetricsA Rigorous and Practical Approach. Int. ThomsonComput. Press, London, UK, 1997.20) Emerson Murphy-Hill, Chris Parnin, and AndrewP. Black How We Refactor, and How We KnowIt,IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng.,vol. 38,no. 1, Jan./Feb.2012.21) M. Fowler, K. Beck, J. Brant, W. Opdyke, and D.Roberts, Refactoring Improving the Design ofExisting Code. Reading, MA,USA AddisonWesley, 1999.

McMurphys One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest

McMurphys One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest This scruple is answered through and through with(predicate) the investigation of five specific aspects of McMurphys life in the handstal home McMurphys arrival into the asylum, his mend miracles, the change and truth McMurphy brings, his followers, and lastly, McMurphys death. These aspects in the clean will bring the revelations of McMurphys Christ- exchangeableness and unlikeness, closer to the requirements of the enquiry question. In each phase of McMurphys life, I assessed the extent to which Kesey portrayed McMurphy as a Christ-figure, keeping in mind the intentions of the author, as well as its in c all overness on the Ameri empennage auberge in the sixties. While using this novel as a primary re starting time, I also explored secondary resources like pack guides, published interrogates, journal articles, literary criticism and the Internet. The essay concludes that Kesey has portrayed McMurphy as a satirical Comic Christ. Ke sey eases into the idea of McMurphy as Messiah. McMurphy becomes increasingly Christ-like as the mend progresses, indicated by the increasing intensity of the allusions from simple unobtrusive allusions in his arrival, to pronounced biblical allusions to Christ in his death. While McMurphy becomes to a greater extent of a Christ-figure, he becalm retains the essence of his character throughout the novel his irreverent nature. Through the portrayal of McMurphy as a Comic Christ, Kesey echoes his anti-establishment feelings throughout the novel. This influences the readers perspective, particularly the straight-laced American society of the 1960s, on issues such as conformity and individuality. Kesey encourages readers to adopt a soulfulnessal sense of clean-livingity, as the views of the majority may not inevitably be the best. accessionOne Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey captures the anti-establishment sentiments of America in the 1960s through the arrival of anarchi st R.P. McMurphy at a mental asylum in Oregon, the Cuckoos Nest of the title. Using McMurphys conflict with Nurse Ratched and the Combine, this classic deals with issues prevalent in its era. The supposition that Kesey shapes McMurphy after the archetype of delivery boy Christ resounds in overmuch of the literary criticism written on One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. This essay aims to ascertain the extent to which Kesey models McMurphy after Christ. It also aims to examine the effect this has on mend development and readers reactions. It will do this by answering the question Many critics believe that McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey is by choice portrayed as a Christ-figure. To what extent does Kesey portray McMurphy as a Christ-figure? A Christ-figure is an individual who displays certain Christ-like singularitys, and is comparable to Christ of the Bible. The character may burgeon forth in divine qualities such as the ability to perform miracles. He ma y also bring new truths with him, and fight for justice by defying authority. The Christ-figure is often a martyr, sacrificing himself for the liberation of others. This can be seen as his ultimate act of love. In One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, McMurphy is a reduplicate of Jesus in some aspects. In order to define the extent to which Kesey wants us to look at McMurphy as a Christ-figure, this essay will delve into five distinct aspects of McMurphys life McMurphys entering into the institution, his miracle healings, the revelation of truth and changes McMurphy brings with him, McMurphys allys and McMurphys death. The significance of McMurphys entrance into the asylum.The novel begins with McMurphys entrance into the psychiatric shield. Bromden, who narrates the story from his perspective, describes McMurphy as no ordinary Admission An Admission would normally be given an Admission shower, where Kesey hints that the black boys rape the Admissions with a rectal thermometer. In 196 0s America, where racial discrimination was still at its peak, African-Americans were viewed as the dregs of society. in particular in the South, African-Americans were subject to harsh treatment. In the 1960s, the rape of the new Admissions by the black boys emphasizes their vulnerability and weakness. Unlike the usual Admission who submits with a weak microscopical yes, McMurphy brassily refuses the Admission shower. His strength and assurance marks him as the odd one out. McMurphy is in full control of the situation and is not easily pushed around. This is appargonnt when he tells the black boy, Get back away from me with that thermometer, Sam. Not only if does he command Sam confidently and boldly, he also calls him by his name. In contrast, one black boy describes Bromden, who is a foil to McMurphy, as big enough to eat apples off my head an he mine me like a baby. Bromdens timid and submissive nature highlights McMurphys assertive personality, making McMurphy seem larger th an life despite be physically smaller than Bromden in reality. McMurphys sanity amidst a ward of mentally ill patients makes him superior. In spite of this, McMurphy enters the ward humbly, shaking everyones hand. This humble act implies that McMurphy regards everyone as an equal, despite being a cut above the rest. At this point in the novel, it would never occur to readers that McMurphy is an archetype of Christ. Kesey makes no hint of McMurphy as a Christ-figure. McMurphys entrance into the psychiatric ward is dissimilar to Christs entrance into the world, apart from having a queenful presence, which is hardly a character trait exclusive to Christ.McMurphy is vastly take issueent from Christ. He is a hinge upon addict convicted of having sexual relations with a child of fifteen, as well as a gambling foolwith a deck of tease showing fifty-two (sex) positions. The courts ruled that he was a psychopath who fights and fucks too much. McMurphy owns boxer shorts with big white wh alesresembling Melvilles Moby-Dick, which is possibly perceived as a phallic pun, though, it can also symbolise the omnipresent and all-powerful nature of God , reinstating McMurphys character as a Christ-figure that is unabashedly sexual. However, McMurphys profanities make him an peculiar Christ-figure, as he engages in the vices that Christianity teaches against. In The Comic Christ and the Modern Reader, Richard B. Hauck presents the notion that The Christ-figure Metaphor Hunt is played between the reader and the author, whereby readers search for clues that ascend a character is an imitation of Christ. In an effort to hide the clues, the author may purposefully assign conflicting character traits, creating a character with moral ambiguity. Perhaps it is this thrilling game, together with the humour American readers find in irony, which allows this classic to withstand the test of time. The effect of McMurphys healing miracles. A common trait of Christ-figures in literature i s the ability to perform miracles. McMurphy accomplishes two healing miracles that bear slight resemblance to the miracles Christ performed during his lifetime. Ellis, who was once an Acute, becomes a Chronic after being sent to the Shock Shop to undergo electroconvulsive therapy. Now hes nailed against the wall in the selfsame(prenominal) condition they lifted him off the table for the last time, in the same shape, arms out, palms cupped, with the same horror on his face.Ellis position corresponds to the position of a crucified person. Crucifixion, practiced by ancient Romans, is a means of punishment for criminals. Not only does it strip a person of his dignity and life, it also serves as a warning to society on the ramifications of crime. Nurse Ratched uses Ellis as an instrument to show others what they can become if they rebel. Unlike a crucified person who dies shortly after, Ellis persistent suffering occurs daily. After McMurphy tells Ellis to arise because a grown man shou ld not be sloshin in his own water, Ellis responds by momentarily stepping away from his crucified position Like Christ, McMurphy alleviates others suffering. His ability to evoke a response from Ellis demonstrates his power to release a person from the grips of evil that is embodied in Nurse Ratched. However, McMurphy is no infallible god. He does not manage to successfully heal Ellis. It is noted that Ellis miracle is rather short-lived, as he returns to the original crucified position. If Kesey were to attri furthere Christ-like sovereignty to McMurphy at this point, it may have upset readers in 1960s America. From a strict Christian perspective, it is considered blasphemous that a unmingled human with his shortcomings should be compared to Christ. Kesey gradually eases into the idea of McMurphy as a saviour, instead of blatantly shocking readers by crook a contemptuous man into a saviour overnight. In the subsequent miracle, McMurphy prompts muted Bromden to speak, by offering him a piece of gum. Bromden opens his mouth to thank him This corresponds with Christs miracle when he caused a mute to speak by casting out a demon within him. In this case, it is not the demon that prevents Bromden from speaking. Rather, it is the fear of the Combine that suppresses his words, which McMurphy successfully manages to dissipate. While Ellis miracle does not last, Bromdens transformation is permanent. He begins to communicate increasingly with the Acutes under McMurphys influence. Relating back to Keseys own experiences, from 1960 to 1961, he volunteered for government drug experiments at Menlo Park Hospital. After which, he became a psychiatric auxiliary in the same ward. Having spent his time as both patient and staff, Keseys intimate knowledge of the patients circumstances aroused a deep sense of empathy for them. In his letter to Babbs titled PEOPLE ON THE WARD, Kesey identifies the patients by their empty eyes. This presents a poignant image instead of seeing t heir soul through the windows of their eyes, all Kesey sees are dilapidated organs, grinding through their organ duties, as if living in the mental institution robs patients of their essence, just like how Ellis and Bromden deteriorate from Acutes to Chronics. This hints Keseys dislike for mental institutions, and his hopes for a saviour for redemption. Another interpretation is that these miracles are metaphors for the political situation in America in the sixties. Patients are referred to as mechanical puppetscontrolled by Nurse Ratched. The mental illnesses that she inflicts upon patients both rob them of the ability to express or confine self-expression, which Kesey reveals through the suffering Ellis and muted Bromden respectively. Ellis and Bromden represent society, and the Combine, the government. Perhaps Kesey feels that the government suppresses ones individuality, and McMurphy is a projection of his desire to free society from the expectation to conform. The impact of t he revelation of truth and changes that McMurphy brings with him. Not only do McMurphys miracles encourage self-expression, McMurphy leads by example, audaciously expressing his views that differ from society. Though McMurphy and Christ are similar in this respect, the revelations and change each brings is diametrical. to begin with Christs arrival, the Pharisees had established numerous rules for what was considered rest on the Sabbath. Jesus defied the rules by healing a man on the Sabbath, telling the Pharisees, What man is there among you who has a sheep, and if it falls into a pit on the Sabbath, will he not take hold of it and lift it out? How much more valuable then is a man than a sheepJesus redefined rest on the Sabbath and taught them that doing good whole kit on the Sabbath is far more essential than adhering to rituals. This is one of the many instances where Jesus challenged the Pharisees interpretations of rules. McMurphy, likewise, questions the rules by exposing the intentions of Nurse Ratched. Contrary to Hardings angelic depiction of Nurse Ratched as a sweet, smiling, tender angel of mercy, the sibilance in sweet, smiling and mercy brings out a hissing sound, like that of the serpent in Genesis, that led to ex and Eves downfall. From this, readers can gather that she may not be who she appears to be. Like the serpent, she might possess evil motives. Furthermore, McMurphy likens therapeutic sessions to a peckin party, where one chicken is ripped to shreds, personal credit line and bones and feathers. He reveals that Nurse Ratched does not have the patients welfare in mind. She initiates the fights by taking the eldest peck where it hurts the most, in an attempt to step down them into compliance. Explosive words in the description of the therapeutic sessions are uttered with force, emphasizing her bestiality. This novel is possibly a medium to voice Keseys political dissatisfaction. In 1950s America, Eisenhower, a five-star military general and right-wing blimpish, served his term as President. It was an era of conformity under his leadership. Kesey, however, did not conform to societal standards, but rebelled against conservative societal norms of his time. In a society where the typical American man had strict religious views, Keseys behaviour was controversial. Through the exposure of Nurse Ratcheds wicked intentions, Kesey encourages Americans to question policies implemented by the government. Evidently, Kesey was not the only one who thought that some rules would stifle ones individuality. Anti-establishment feelings were becoming rampant, with Hollywood movies like Rebels Without A Cause. Another revelation that McMurphy brings is that the patients are not the dassies they believe to be. According to Harding, The ritual of our outlastence is based on the strong getting stronger by devouring the weak. We must learn to accept it as a law of the natural world (The rabbit) knows his place. He most certain ly doesnt challenge the wolf to combat.This is similar to the messages that Christ preached about the meek inheriting the earthand move the other cheek when one is wronged. Similarly, the inmates behaviour is Christ-like. They believe they are not going to win by fighting, and do not retaliate against the Combine. However, McMurphy proves that the rabbits can subordinate the wolf. He alters institutionalised policies by Nurse Ratched, regarding the viewing of World Series, the use of the tub room for the Acutes, as well as cigarette rationing. The message Kesey brings is different from Christ. Kesey preaches that one must assert himself in order to save his life, contrary to biblical teachings that one must lose himself in order to save his life. During the sixties, the rabbit metaphor allowed society to view themselves as Kesey does. Having progressed from the fifties, America was going through a series of rapid changes. This decade saw the rise of the counterculture the civil rights movement, fairylike liberation, sexual revolution and Beat Movement. Kesey was part of the Beat Generation. In the context of the institution, the ones who submit to Nurse Ratched are the mentally insane rabbits. Conversely, readers perceive McMurphy, who challenges Nurse Ratcheds authority, as sane. Through this setting and Hardings metaphor, readers view the conformists of society through Keseys eyes. Kesey makes readers ponder, Is it insane to challenge rules and authority? Could it be that the mentally insane are, in fact, the ones who subject themselves without question to authorities?The likeness of Christs disciples and McMurphys followers. Besides revealing truths that instil confidence in the patients, McMurphy also empowers them when he (leads) the twelve of (them) toward the ocean, to become fishers of men- just as Jesus did. This is a direct allusion to Jesus, who takes his twelve disciples fishing. McMurphys disciples are empowered with laughter, and manage to find humour amidst calamity. Their laughter rang out on the water in ever-widening circles, further and farther in wave after wave after wave.This is like McMurphys laugh which spreads in rings bigger and bigger till its lapping against the walls all over the ward. The imagery of vast space that their laughter reaches emphasizes its genuineness. It is unrestricted and liberating. This is contrasted with the snickers the patients make with their fistsearlier on. Their laughter seems controlled, as if it forced within the confines of their hands, implying its falsity. Laughter is a source of sanity and strength to McMurphy, who believes that you have to laugh at the things that hurt you just to keep the world from running you plumb crazyand that one cant sincerely be strong until (he) sees a funny side to things. Laughter is a means of salvation and freedom from oppression. Unlike Christs fishers of men who spread the message of salvation, McMurphys fishers of men are called to spre ad the redemptive power of laughter to mankind. By drawing a parallel to Christs followers, Kesey casts McMurphys followers in a favourable light. McMurphys disciples, who indulge in laughter, resemble The Merry Pranksters a group in the Beat Generation who indulged in pleasures atypical of society. Kesey promotes the message that what is deemed socially unacceptable may not necessarily be wrong. Right and wrong is not determined by the views of majority but rather, by the consequences of the act.McMurphy empowers his followers with boldness. To the gas station servicemen who give them condescending looks, McMurphy lies that they came from the criminal-insane ward, with Billy Bibbit who was an insane knife artist that killed three men and so on. This causes everybody to call orders to the service-station men, just like (they) owned the show They stare at pot at a stop light, intimidating them. It is noteworthy how antithetical to Christ, McMurphy uses immoral means, like fabricati ons, to empower his disciples. Perhaps it is for Kesey to remind readers that McMurphy is still a flawed human. In his attempt to humanise a saviour, Kesey relates that one does not have to be Christ or immortal to possess the same self-sacrificial love that knows no bounds. Although McMurphy maintains his offend disposition, he becomes increasingly Christ-like not only in character, but also in the experiences they share. McMurphys dubious moral standards are juxtaposed with his Christ-likeness, to reveal what Kesey feels are the more important aspects of being a saviour. Kesey and The Merry Pranksters rebelled against authority by experimenting with hallucinogens and their sexuality. Like non-conformist McMurphy, they took to worldly pleasures. Due to the religious surge in post-WW2, readers of the sixties would have frowned upon the apparently unprincipled lives of The Merry Pranksters and McMurphy. By presenting McMurphy as a secular Christ-figure, Kesey upholds that the posit ive contribution one brings to society overrides the importance of strictly adhering to biblical rules. McMurphy is proof that a morally flawed character can bring monumental benefits to his community.The meaning in McMurphys death. The events leading to McMurphys death accentuate his Christ-likeness. Because McMurphy fights the aides to protect George, Nurse Ratched sends him to be electroshocked. Electroshock treatment is likened to a crucifixion, with a cross-shaped table Before McMurphys crucifixion, he says, Anointest my head with conductant. Do I get a efflorescence of thorns?This is comparable to Christs crown of thorns. Furthermore, a man announces I wash my hands off this whole deal an echo of Pontius Pilates words before he executed Christ. This foreshadows McMurphys eventual death. Before the crucifixion of Christ, Jesus had his Last Supper with his disciples. The traitor Judas Iscariot was amongst them. McMurphys Last Supper at the asylum is celebrated with alcohol and his hiring of two whores, one of whom Bibbit loses his virginity to in the Seclusion Room pursuance Nurse Ratcheds discovery and threats of telling his mother, Bibbit identifies McMurphy as the mastermind behind this. He then commits suicide by (cutting) his throat, unable to handle the guilt. A parallel can be drawn to Judas Iscariot, who betrayed Jesus and then hung himself out of remorseMcMurphy, upset about Nurse Ratcheds strong influence over Bibbit, smashes through the glassful and rips her uniform down the front, exposing her breasts In doing so, McMurphy brings his final revelation of the truth that Nurse Ratched is merely human, changing the patients mechanical wisdom of her forever. From then on, she couldnt rule with her old power, as she could no longer conceal the fact that she was a womanMcMurphy pays for this with his mind the very thing that defines his life. Nurse Ratched sends him for a lobotomy that leaves him a Vegetable. Bromden refers to him as it, knowing McMurphy is already dead inside, and mashed the pillow into the face to find that the expression hadnt changed from the blank, dead-end look the least bit. The term mash connotes violence in the merciful act of killing McMurphy. The paradox of mercy killing is redolent of the Roman centurion who drove a spear through Christs side, relieving his suffering by speed up his death. McMurphy dies as a crucified person would by suffocation. He could have undertaken his plan to escape and live, but chose to die for the inmates sake. Likewise, Christ died on the cross to save mankind. The 1960s society would have a thorough comprehension of the torture endured by Christ, a fundamental concept of Christianity. A Christ-like death for McMurphy effectively evokes sympathy in readers. Hence, it is likely that the readers respect for McMurphy, who sacrifices his very being, far outweigh their feelings of disapproval regarding McMurphys profane antics. Just as Christ resurrected from death, McMur phy resurrects in his disciples. They become more assured, and are no more rabbits as Harding says. As a result of his death, everything was changing almost everyone either signed out or transferred out and the new nurse gave the guys a chance to change a lot of the ward policyOf all his disciples, McMurphy is kept most alive in Chief Bromden. McMurphy transfers his powers to Bromden, who becomes stronger as McMurphy becomes weaker. Previously, the plot of ground is seen through Bromdens unclear fogginess, which gradually disappears towards the end as he gains clarity of mind. The schizophrenic is even able to distinguish between delusions and reality, when he says There was little brown birds occasionally on the fence when a puff of leaves would hit the fence the birds would fly off with the wind. It looked at first like the leaves were hitting the fence and turning into birds and flying away.At the end, he courageously confronts the unhappy past that caused his insanity, by looki ng around the gorge, just to bring some of it clear in (his) mind again, rather than hide behind fog and muteness like he had done before. Narrating the story from Bromdens perspective allows readers to observe his transformation. In Robert Faggens interview with Kesey during one of his visits to Keseys Oregon farm in 1992 and 1993, Kesey recounted an event he witnessed In order to stop the dam project in Portland, an Indian ran into an oncoming motortruck that carried the materials the government would use to build the dam. The Indian, who did everything he could to protect his land, prompted Kesey to realise the notion of what you have to pay for a lifestyle Keseys message resounds throughout the novel, even more so after McMurphys death. Freedom comes at a cost, but its benefit is far-reaching. CONCLUSION The novel is replete with allusions of McMurphy to Christ. Despite McMurphys distinctive presence being translucent in the beginning, there is no hint of his Christ-likeness a t that point. On hindsight, Christ came blamelessly and without sin as a baby, to a world full of sinners. In this respect, he was superior to society yet he entered this world humbly in a manger. While it is no rarity for humans to possess either an air of superiority or humility, it is uncommon for one to be both superior and humble. It is fair to say that the characteristics of McMurphy are somewhat reminiscent of Christ. While the first miracle that McMurphy performs on Ellis lasts only for a moment, the subsequent miracle sparks a transformation in Bromden. Further on, McMurphy begins to bear a greater resemblance to not only Christs character, but also to specific experiences he brings truth and change to his community, and takes his followers on a fishing trip. McMurphys death is another allusion. After McMurphy finishes his Last Supper, one disciple betrays him. This leads to his crucifixion, mental death through lobotomy and finally his physical demise with his resurrectio n portrayed through Chief Bromden. The series of inconspicuous allusions intensify as the plot develops. However, while McMurphy learns to be more Christ-like, he is different from Christ. Kesey shapes McMurphy as a crude and profane individual, making him a satirical Comic Christ. Kesey uses McMurphys journey to Christ-likeness to comprehend significant issues such as conformity and individuality, the triumph of good over evil, freedom from oppression. These are recurring themes in most of Keseys works, namely Zoo and sometimes A Great Notion. McMurphy, as a Christ-figure, brings this novel to a whole new level of sacrosanctity, which is apt, considering it holds these themes that are important to Kesey. Uneven forces will always exist in this world, good and evil, the strong and the weak, the dominant and the meek. As such, these issues remain relevant in modern times. The interpretation of this novel has been largely dependent on my perception of who Christ is. Kesey, who held interest in psychic phenomena, use of the I-Ching, Eastern religions and the Bible, may not have had the same idea of Christ as others when writing the novel but as with all literary works, interpretation is open to its readers. Given the vast number of religions and cultures, each individual has differing perspectives on Christs character. Whether he adheres to Christianity, Judaism, Atheism or any other religion, new syntheses can be created regarding these key themes. After all, as Kesey teaches us, each man is entitled to a mind of his own.

The Advantages Of Myeg Service Providers Information Technology Essay

The Advantages Of Myeg Service Providers Information Technology Essayas government service provider, they provides some services to earthly concern such as provides e-services from government department an agencies, example, JPJ (Road TransportationDepartment) on driving licenses and road tax regeneration with insurances. They are also provides services for PDRM (RoyalMalaysiaPolice Department) with defrayment of Summons and inquiry, MyEG also includes with Department of Insolvency where public can notes on liquidation search and money boxruptcy. In legitimate cities, such as Kuala Lumpur City Council (DBKL) on payment, multiform inquiry, and assessment and some of government department, stateregistrationoffice (JPN) for identification card (myKad) replenishment services, and Immigration Department ofMalaysia on renewal of foreign worker and maids. MyEG service provider also provides services to semi-government department such as Tenaga Nasional and Telekom Malaysia on bill pa yment and inquiry.Road Tax Renewal and Auto redressTo attract public attentions, MyEG is giving discounts for Insurance and Road Tax of 30%. Besides that, MyEG agents leave behind send the road tax to house, without service of charge, absolute free. erstwhile being chosen as MyEG VIP Customer, you can always call MyEG client service and will give the customer individual support in customer vehicle (Malaysian registered vehicle with JPJ) problems. This would include assistance in making any insurance claims, providing assistance to request for discounts in any JPJ or PDRM summons. The customer will also get benefits of VIP member promotions and privileges from succession to time. During the renewal process, Road TransportationDepartment (JPJ) online service will check any striking summons and blacklist records at both JPJ and PDRM database systems. In order to proceed with this renewal, it is necessary for you to settle all traffic offences recorded. The advantage of having onl ine road tax renewal through access to the internet it helps to complete customers renewal comfortably at home or at the office. This service is time saving, hassle free, accessible and be effective at any time. Many customer still doubt about online tax renewal, MyEG, it is safe and secure. The online Road Tax Renewal through MyEG work Berhads website has been audited, verified and approved by Road TransportationDepartment (JPJ) and Government. The Government has given the authorization for MyEG Services to provide the online renewal services. Every successful operation will be issued with e-Services receipt.PDRM SummonsPDRM (RoyalMalaysiaPolice Department) has provides us free PDRM Alert service which will alert customer if they had any summons in the future. Normally, you may not receive any notice that you have been issued a summons until after a one month of grace period. Through this free service, we will inform you on any summons you may have via email. Once the transacti ons complete, the online summons payment will be processed indoors 48 hours from the time of the payment was made then only the summons is cleared. MyEG also provide the customer to view summons for free of charge even for behalf of another(prenominal) people. Every summons is being updated daily by PDRM.Payment/ transactions conceptCredit cardsA quote cardis a toy dog electronicsyntheticcard issued to customer as a payment system. It allows the customer to buy merchandise and services based on the customers usage savvy while purchasing merchandise and services. The credit card concept is to allow the customer to pay or borrow money for transactions to a merchant as advance cash to the customers. When a purchase is made, the credit card exploiter agrees to pay the card issuer. The cardholder indicates consent to pay by entering a. individualised identification number(PIN) or by signing aproof of paymentwith a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid. mone tary Process Exchange (FPX)Financial Process Exchange (FPX) s a payment channel that allows you to make payment via online real-time through your current or savings account. All you need is an Internet banking account with any of FPX participating banks. It is simple, convenient and secure.E-cashMyEG is also allow their substance abuser to have e-cash transactions. It is just require the user to load some credit into MyEG account. The reality of E-cash is only slightly more complicated, and these complications make the transactions both secure and private. E-cash truly globalizes the economy, since the user can download money into his cyber-wallet in any currency desired. A merchant can accept any currency and convert it to local currency when the cyber cash is uploaded to the bank account.To the extent a user wants E-cash off-line all that is necessary is smart card technology. The money is loaded onto the smartcard, and special electronic wallets are used to drop the money onto o ther smartcards or directly to an on-line system. Smartcards have been used successful in other countries for such transactions as phone calls for a number of years. The money could also be removed from a smartcard and returned to a bank account. Visa is developing a related product, the stored value card. This card comes in a variety of denominations, tho functions more like a debit card than E-cash. In essence, E-cash combines the benefits of other transaction mediums. Thus, it is similar to debit/credit cards, but E-cash allows individuals to conduct transactions with separately other. It is similar to personal checks, but it is feasible for very small transactions. While it appears superior to other forms, E-cash will not wholly replace paper currency. Use of E-cash will require special hardware, and while most people will have access, not all will. However, E-cash presents special challenges for the breathing middlemen of the current paper currency society. More and more, b anks and other financial intermediaries will serve simply as storehouses for money, lenders, and processing/verifying electronic transactions. Personal fundamental interaction with a teller or even visits to a bank ATM will become obsolete.DisadvantagesEven there is advantages on MyEG website, there is also has certain disadvantages. For many recent the customer has to call MyEG helpdesk, to get more information on how to solve the problem faced in MyEG website. MyEG website has also provides some solutions for the user to solve problem while doing transaction through online. The following are some of disadvantages.Payment rejectedAccording to MyEG website, the customers frequently face the problem when making transactions whereas the payment gets rejected. There are few reasons where the payment gets rejected such as credit card problem or system erroneous belief. The credit card may not work cause of due to credit card status. If the problems with system error cause by broken or time run out because legion cannot be reach. It can also reason as the system is at fault to disruption of network or the spotless system.Connection errorThe reason of connection error fault is also occur every time where the user gets blank page or error message forbidden 404. When this problem occurs, the customer has to call helpdesk for assistance to continue transactions. Thus is due to system intermittence error. Sometimes the system is at fault due to disruption of network or the entire systemOnline faultMany of customer complaint on MyEG website that it is load slow. The reason is the server system facing heavy loads of traffic on the network or the entire system. Sometimes, the user gets an error message Connection is closed by server. This may happen because MyEG server may be down or maintenance works on.UpdatingMany of customer use MyEG website to pay their summons with Road Transportation Department (JPJ) and Royal Police Department (PDRM). They prefer to do so becaus e it is ease and not to queue at payment tolls of each department. Because of updating, certain customer facing problem where the summonses collide withn down, the summonses from JPJ and PDRM will be on website for 2 weeks only from the date of the offence. If the summonses are not paid within this 2-week period, JPJ and PDRM will take down the summonses and you need to go to JPJ and PDRM counters to pay summonses.Payment conceptAlthough MyEG provides the electronic payment concept, not all the services allow the homogeneous way to make payment. For example, My Card replacement has only one options of payment, credit cards.MyCard servicesMyEG also provides MyCard identification card service such as replacement or damage. This service, the customer still needs to go to the department for thumbprint and identification. The service is not very convenient to public because their still need to go to take at department counter to collect their identification card even after online trans action completed.

Athol Fugards drama, Master Harold :: Athol Fugard Master Harold Essays

Athol Fugards drama, Master Harold . . . And The Boys, was written during a time of great conflict in South Africa, where he was raised.  Fugard was torn between his mother, who was Afrikaaner, (1291) and his father, who was of English decent (1291). These differing influences caused Fugard to use the banters between Sam and Hally to demonstrate the religious, racial, and political tensions of his lifetime in South Africa.   The discussion between Sam and Hally near who was a man of magnitude (1300) represents the religious tensions of Fugards lifetime in South Africa between the growing belief in phylogeny and delivery boy Christs teaching of Creation.  Hally says that Charles Darwin was a man of magnitude, (1300) because he was somebody who benefited all mankind (1301).  He admires Darwin for his Theory of Evolution (1301), which according to Hally, proves where we come from and what it all intend (1301).  Sam totally disagrees with Darwins Theory of Evolut ion (1301) because evolution is in contrast to the Bibles teaching on Creationism, and he says that just because it is in a book it does not mean hes got to believe it (1301).  Sam believes that Jesus Christ (1302) was a man of magnitude (1300).  Hally is obviously against Sams suggestion of Jesus Christ, because Hally makes it clear that he is an atheist (1303).  This distinction between Sam and Hally is really just an example of the religious tensions in South Africa during Fugards lifetime between the Theory of Evolution, (1301) which was becoming more accepted, and Christianity, which was taught by Jesus Christ.   A second discussion between Sam and Hally that occurs after Hally learns that his father has gone home demonstrates the racial tensions of Fugards lifetime in South Africa.  When Sam starts instruct Hally about how he treats his father, Hally becomes angry and tells Sam that he is treading on dangerous ground (1321).  Hally also tells Sam that his mother is right(1322) about warning him about allowing you to get to familiar (1322).  The climax of the argument is when Hally tells Sam that he is only a servant (1322).  This is the first noticeable statement that Hally makes that demonstrates the racial tensions experienced in South Africa.  The next racial statement Hally makes is when he tells Sam that his father is his boss because hes a white man and thats good enough for him (1322).