Why Does Conflict Arise in Organizations

Why does date arise in organizations, and how it bath be managed ABSTRACT This essay checkks to illustrate how organisational departure can non be voided. It impart try out the variant ways in which divergence whitethorn arise at heart organizations and classify them into a setting of groups. There will be a arrant(a) analysis to show if counterpoint is positive or negative towards the growth of an organization. Findings of the previous will then lead to different mechanisms that can be utilize when managing skirmish to ensure positive outcomes in an organization.The same will be supported by relevant theories, which will assist in reinforcing the validity of this essay. substructure In this era of rapid development organizations are formed as a cordial entity to foster an environment of financial, economical and social growth. Organizations can range from large g everywherenmental bodies to small business. Organizations check evolved through different stages, f rom its birth to maturity. During these stages organizations tend to be adversely affected by crisis of leadership, autonomy, control and bureaucracy.Consequently these crises sack up troth unavoidable. Additionally, an organization may be exemplified where two or more individual establish a relationship in coif to accomplish and hear a desired goal. There are various schools of thought as it pertains to mesh including the Traditional estimate, Human Relations follow and the Interactionist View. More so conflict exists at different levels namely Intrapersonal, interpersonal and Intergroup. However there may be some techniques available to manage conflict like Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration, Conciliation and Consultancy.The next paragraphs will further explain the scopes of conflict and how it can be managed. CONFLICT It is a touch that begins when one part perceives that an otherwise political party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, somet hing that the first part cares about. 1 An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its knowledge performance, and which has a boundary separating it from its environment. 2 Schools of thoughts with regards to conflict The Traditional ViewThis view was prevalent in the the 1930s and 40s where it was conceived that the existence of conflict can only be harmful to the growth of an organization. Therefore in that era conflict should have been avoided, this resulted in less focus to research on the ca economic consumptions of conflict. The Human Relations View The human relations position pioneered that conflict was inevitable in all groups and organizations. It could never be eliminated and it in addition some quantify proves to be beneficial to a groups performance. This was dominant in the young(a) 40s and mid 70s. The Interactionist ViewThis view encourages the existence of conflict at an ongoing minimum level, enough to keep the group viable, hypercritical and creative. After looking at the above views it will not be feasible to say that conflict is good or bad. It can only be analyzed as bad or good based on the token of conflict. (The schools of thoughts were taken from Stephen Robbins, Organizational Behaviour, 10th ed. 2003) Functional Interactionist view does not see all conflict as good but those conflicts that supports the goals and improves performance is called functional conflict or constructive conflict.Dysfunctional On the other hand conflict that is dysfunctional relates to the conflict that promotes alienation, inefficiency and generally has adverse effects on productivity. To know if a conflict is either functional or dysfunctional, the causes must be kn throw. fibres of contravene Task participation- this relates to the content and goals of the task that is to be performed, Relationship Conflict- this focus on interpersonal relationships, and cognitive operation Conflict- this relates to ho w the task gets through. Studies show that Relationship conflict most of the times turns out to be dysfunctional.Task, relationship or process can perpetrated in the following ways Intrapersonal Conflict occurs within us when we are at odds with ourselves, when we are torn mingled with choices we need to gull, when we are frustrated with our goals or accomplishments. Conflict within us very often leads to conflict with others. Interpersonal Conflict occurs between two or more individuals. We might get into a heated debate in a meeting, get in an argument with a coworker, or have a bad encounter with our boss. This is the type of conflict we are most concerned with in this workshop, although our discussion has bearing on the other types.Intergroup Conflict occurs between groups nations, gangs, work areas, etc. For example, your department at work might have an us vs. them attitude about some other department. Intra/ Interpersonal and Intergroup was taken from a Business get outme nt skills article from Dave Neal found on http//www. scarecrowworkshops. com/b-conflict-management. html The Process of Conflict diagram will help illustrate wherefore conflict arise in organizations, this was taken from Stephen Robbins, Organizational Behaviour, 10th ed. 2003 pic put 1 shows some of the conditions that has the capacity to develop conflict A break stack in communication is significant in contributing to conflict . The true sense of communication is for the receiving party to understand what the sender is communicating in order to attain the right feedback. The bereaucratic nature of an organization facilitate the process of unsuccessful communication. This is so as information passed on to places may be prone to deterioration. This may be so as the subordinate or receiver may not attach the urgency of the message that the sender intended.As such, this reluctance may cause the final message or information to be significantly ambiguous, which would result in confli ct. Additionally, another source of conflict is structural factors as it pertains to size, cater Heterogeneity, Participation, Line-Staff distinction, Reward Systems, Resource Interdependence and Power. In terms of size an organzation tend to operate more effciently and with less conflict when it is small. The manger has more direct fix in the union in terms of supervision and the overseeing of delegated tasks.However where the company grows in size the reins of controll are strained. There may now be change magnitude specialization and bereaucracy. Consequently there may be increased opportunity to for misconception of information and hence conflict. For example, an interview was done at a renowned company, WASA in Trinidad and Tobago. The manager of the Construction Services Department North is responsible for various pipe laying projects therefore it is mandatory for him to retrieve materials for the various projects.The retrieval of these materials does not lie in his hands, thoroughly, but this function is mainly dependent on the Manager of Corporate Services-Supplies to source the right provider of the materials. This process of sourcing these materials may be long at times therefore putting the pipe laying projects sometimes on long delays. Consequently there is the possibility of having conflict between these two managers but note carefully that the structure of certain procedures within the organization is the main cause for the conflict.The issue of staff heterogeneity appears to have an adverse effect as it pertains to conflict. There are many issues which may arise due to differences in staff. For instance the junior staff in a company may feel that the senior staff may be too inflexible. They generally wield more power in organizations and junior staff may be subjected to their redundancy and myopic work approach. Thus conflict may tend to arise. Moreso, Partcipation, in terms of decision making, is a source for conflict. A subordinate may nee d to be able to express their opinions. Where employees re given a forum to express their decision making opinons it may be noteworthy that conflict is more likely to occur. According to Robbins, an atmosphere of conflict may be created as the employee is unable to prevail with his point of view due to his deficiency of authority. Futhermore According to Allen 1955, line and staff distinctions may be another cause for conflict. It may be noted that Line units perform tasks that are directly tie in to the core activities of the organization. However, staff units perform tasks that support the line function. This definition was taken from the book Organizational Behavior by K.W. Thomas. This may be exemplified in the aforementioned WASA scenario where a line unit member involved in the installation of pipe was hampered in carrying out his task. This may result in conflict as the staff unit may be removed and not place as much emphasis on the centralized operations of the company as a line member. It may be also noted that conflict may arise in terms of reward systems. This refers to the fact that one party may receive a reward at the expense of the other. As such conflict would tend to arise. and that i Personal Variables, this is basically personality differences.An substantial factor is found in stage 2 due to the fact that the antecedents of conflict must be perceived or felt. This is so because all the possibilities in stage 1 could occur but the feelings associated with stage 2 may not necessarily transpire. Further observation of the above diagram with regards to stage 3, which are techniques to handle conflict can also encourage conflict, for instance competing (this speaks for itself) and also avoiding due to the fact that the matter is never resolved leaving the parties unsatisfied and also no growth was made towards achieving the organizations goals.In Addition stage 4 can also promote conflict depending on what happened in the previous stage. If t he conflict handling techniques (stage3) was destructive then behaviours (stage 4) may be verbal attacks, threats and ultimatums, aggressive corporeal attacks or overt efforts to terminate the other party. Therefore it can be analyzed that stage 3 can also initiate more conflict. There are other major fields of study within organizational behaviour that can be a recipe for conflict. Some of these are as follows.Job Satisfaction- Job satisfaction is an integral aspect in organizational conflict. The employee needs to feel truly a part of the company and that his contribution is instrumental to the companys progress. He must also feel challenged by his work load and not bogged down by mundane and alienating tasks. Personalities and senses- (express on this factor and mention the following in the right context) there is the Myers- Briggs Type Indicator (a test of 100 questions that asks people how they react to a certain situation and then this break down into sixteen personality typ es. 3 Leadership skills- this is where studies were done analyzing the type of employees to see what type of leadership skill will be best suited in order to facilitate an ambiance of little conflict/ functional conflict thus enhancing the organizations performance. Hersey and Blanchards situational theory reiterate this. In other terms if a manager does not have the right type of leadership skills to suit his staff conflict can occur. Organizational Change- if change is not accepted this can cause conflict curiously if this change affects the culture of an organization.For example, a technology change may cause conflict if workers perceive they are not ready to handle it. (use other examples) Techniques to Manage Conflict Conflict may be managed If conflicts results in destructive outcomes then it must be managed. The various ways of managing conflict are Negotiation- this is a process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rat e for them. 4 Mediator- A neutral third base gear party who facilitates a negotiated solution by using reasoning, persuasion, and suggestions for alternatives.Arbitrator- this involves a third party to a negotiation who has the authority to dictate an agreement. Conciliator- A trusted third party who provides an informal communication link between the negotiator and the opponent. Consultant- an impartial third party, skilled in conflict management, who attempts to facilitate creative problem lick through communication and analysis. The definition s of the former four was taken from Organizational Behaviour, Stephen Robbins, 2003.Also the positive ways of handling conflict (stage3 of the diagram) Collaborate, Compromise and make (expand on these points) Other ways are Superordinate goals this is creating a shared goal that cannot be attained without the working together of the conflicting groups. Smoothing- de-emphasizing on differences dapple looking at the common interest. Beh avioural Change techniques can be used to alter personality. morphological Change Techniques can be used to avoid interactions between the conflicting groups Conclusion In conclusion conflict in an organization is inevitable.In essence, in the 1930s and 40s the Traditional View enveloped that all conflict as destructive and hence should be avoided at all cost. Additionally conflict is unavoidable in all organizations and it can never be eliminated. It has been proposed that conflict may also be advantageous to a groups performance. The aforementioned denoted the Human Relations View which was prevalent among the late 1940s and mid 1970s. Moreover, the interactionist view states that a minimal level of conflict is necessary for the stimulation of creativity.Furthermore conflict can operate on various levels namely Interpersonal, Intrapersonal and Intergroup. It is caused mainly through communication, structural and personal behaviour factors. Communication factors pertain to the dis tortion of information along the communication line. Structural factors that lead to conflict may include size, staff heterogeneity, participation, line staff distinctions, Reward systems, Resource Interdependence and Power. Bibliography The following was taken from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Conflict and can be redone from an organizational horizonConflict is a state of opposition, disagreement or incompatibility between two or more people or groups of people, which is sometimes characterized by physical violence. Military conflict between states may constitute war. edit Definitions In political terms, conflict refers to an ongoing state of hostility between two or more groups of people. Conflict as taught for graduate and professional work in conflict resolution commonly has the definition when two or more parties, with perceived mutually exclusive goals, seek to undermine each others goal-seeking capability.One should not confuse the distinction between the presence and abse nce of conflict with the difference between opposition and co-operation. In competitive situations, the two or more parties each have mutually inconsistent goals, so that when either party tries to reach their goal it will undermine the attempts of the other to reach theirs. Therefore, competitive situations will by their nature cause conflict. However, conflict can also occur in cooperative situations, in which two or more parties have consistent goals, because the manner in which one party tries to reach their goal can still undermine the other.A clash of interests, values, actions or directions often sparks a conflict. Conflicts refer to the existence of that clash. Psychologically, a conflict exists when the reduction of one motivating stimulus involves an increase in another, so that a new adjustment is demanded. The word is applicable from the instant that the clash occurs. Even when we say that there is a potential conflict we are implying that there is already a conflict of direction even though a clash may not yet have occurred. edit Types and Modes of ConflictA conceptual conflict can escalate into a verbal exchange and/or result in fighting. Conflict can exist at a chassis of levels of analysis intrapersonal conflict (though this unremarkably just gets delegated out to psychology) interpersonal conflict stirred conflict group conflict organizational conflict community conflict intra-state conflict (for example civil wars, election campaigns) international conflict environmental resources conflict intersocietal conflict intra-societal conflict ideological conflict diplomatic conflict economic conflict military conflict religious-based conflict (for example Center For Reduction of Religious-Based Conflict) Conflicts in these levels may appear nested in conflicts residing at larger levels of analysis. For example, conflict within a work team may play out the dynamics of a broader conflict in the organization as a whole. ( perceive Ma rie Dugans article on Nested Conflict. John Paul Lederach has also written on this. ) Theorists have claimed that parties can conceptualise responses to conflict according to a two-dimensional scheme concern for ones own outcomes and concern for the outcomes of the other party.This scheme leads to the following hypotheses High concern for both ones own and the other partys outcomes leads to attempts to find mutually beneficial solutions. High concern for ones own outcomes only leads to attempts to win the conflict. High concern for the other partys outcomes only leads to allowing the other to win the conflict. No concern for either sides outcomes leads to attempts to avoid the conflict. In Western society, practitioners usually suggest that attempts to find mutually beneficial solutions lead to the most satisfactory outcomes, but this may not hold true for many Asian societies.several(prenominal) theorists detect successive phases in the development of conflicts. Often a group f inds itself in conflict over facts, goals, methods or values. It is critical that it properly identify the type of conflict it is experiencing if it hopes to manage the conflict through to resolution. For example, a group will often treat an assumption as a fact. The more difficult type of conflict is when values are the root cause. It is more likely that a conflict over facts, or assumptions, will be resolved than one over values. It is extremely difficult to prove that a value is right or correct.In some instances, a group will benefit from the use of a facilitator or process consultant to help identify the specific type of conflict. Practitioners of nonviolence have developed many practices to solve social and political conflicts without resorting to violence or coercion. edit Examples Approach-avoidance conflict is an example of intrapersonal conflict. The Vietnam Conflict is commonly regarded as a war. The Arab-Israeli conflict forms a historic and ongoing conflict between I srael and Arab interests. See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Catholic-Protestant conflict in Northern Ireland furnishes an example of another notable historic conflict. For information on the conflict, see the Troubles, Bloody Sunday (Northern Ireland 1972), the 1974 Dublin and Monaghan Bombings and the 1998 Omagh bombing. umteen conflicts have a supposedly racial or ethnic basis. This would include such conflicts as the Bosnian-Croatian conflict (see Kosovo), the conflict in Rwanda. Class conflict forms an outstanding topic in much Marxist thought. Another type of conflict exists between governments and guerrilla groups or groups engaged in asymmetric warfare. = edit Causes of Conflict Structural Factors (How the company is set up) Specialization (The experts in fields) Interdependance (A company as a whole cant operate w/o other departments) Common Resources (Sharing the same secretary) finis Differences (One person wants production to rise and others want commun ication to rise) Authority Relationships (The boss and employees beneath him/her) Status Inconsistencies Jurisdicational Ambiguities (Who can discipline who) Personal Factors Skills and Abilities Personalities Perception Values and moral philosophy Emotions Communication barriers Cultural Differences Conflict is an emotionally defined and driven, and does not exist in the absence of emotion. There are many components to the emotions that are intertwined with conflict. There is a behavioral, physiological, cognitive component. Behavioral- The way emotional experience gets expressed which can be verbal or non-verbal and intentional or un-intentional. Physiological- The bodily experience of emotion. The way emotions make us feel in comparison to our identity. Cognitive- The idea that we assess or appraise an event to reveal its relevancy to ourselves. These three components collectively advise that the meanings of emotional experience and expression are determined by cultu ral values, beliefs, and practices. Cultural values- culture tells people who are a part of it, Which emotions ought to be expressed in particular situations and what emotions are to be felt. Physical- This escalation results from anger or frustration. Verbal- This escalation results from negative perceptions of the annoyers character. There are several principles of conflict and emotion. 1. Conflict is emotionally Defined-conflict involves emotion because something triggers it. The conflict is with the parties involved and how they decide to resolve it Events that trigger conflict are events that elicit emotion. 2. Conflict is emotionally Valenced- Emotion levels during conflict can be terrible or less intense. The intensity levels may be indicative of the importance and meaning of the conflict issues for each party. 3. Conflict Invokes a Moral Stance- When an event occurs it can be interpreted as moral or immoral.The judging of this morality Influences ones orientation to the conflict, relationship to the parties involved, and the conflict issues. 4. Conflict is identity element based- Emotions and Identity are a part of conflict. When a person knows there values, beliefs, and morals they are able to determine whether the conflict is personal, relevant, and moral. Identity related conflicts are potentially more destructive. 5. Conflict is Relational- conflict is relational in the sense that emotional communication conveys relational definitions that impact conflict. Key relational elements are power and social status. Emotions are acceptable in the workplace as long as they can be controlled and utilized for productive organizational outcomes. Bibliography 1 K. W. Thomas, Conflict and Negotiation Process in Organizations, in Dunnette and Hough (eds. ), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2ne ed. , vol. 3, 1992 2 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Organization 3 R. R Mc Crae and T. Costa, Reinterpreting the Myers- Briggs Type in dicator from the perspective of the five factor model of personality, ledger of Personality, March 1989 4 J.A. Wall, Jr. , Negotiation Theory and Practice, 1985 Antecedent Conditions Communication Structure Personal Variables Perceived Conflict Felt Conflict Conflict Handling Intentions Competing Collaborating conciliative Avoiding Accommodating Overt Conflict Partys Behaviour Others Reaction Increased Group action Decreased Group Performance Stage 1 Potential Opposition or Incompatibility Stage 2 Cognition and Personalization Stage 3 Intentions Stage 4 Behaviour Stage 5 Outcomes